The issue of reality has taken many twists and turns through the centuries and has found itself in many philosophical and psychological discussions. In psychoanalysis the question of reality is a lively topic as our clinical and theoretical models are changing—the current uncertainty of our field upon us and our directions being forged for the future. In this chapter I studiously avoid these debates as they occur within psychoanalysis; instead, I look to the horizons of evolution and brain science to see how they might illuminate our perspective in the analytic trenches.