Gardner examines the work of Jean Piaget, the developmental psychologist who brought the rigors of scientific procedure to the examination of the unfolding mental processes of the child and Claude Levi-Strauss, who revolutionized his discipline by establishing the universal aspects of thought processes and functions through his innovative study of primitive peoples. Gardner comments as well on the work of such other structuralists as Noam Chomsky, Roman Jakobson and Edmund Leach. (368 pp.)